Bill Lu

Fidelity Management & Research Co. (FMR) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The firm was founded in 1946 and is a subsidiary of FMR LLC, also known as Fidelity Investments. FMR provides investment supervisory services, which include sub-advisory services, to Fidelity's family of mutual funds and exchange-traded funds, qualified tuition programs, privately offered unregistered investment funds, separately managed account clients, and various other institutional accounts.

Allspring Global Investments LLC (Allspring) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. Prior to November 2021, the firm was known as Wells Capital Management, Inc. They are a direct wholly-owned subsidiary of Allspring Global Investments Holdings LLC, ultimately held by Allspring Group Holdings LLC. Allspring provides investment management services to mutual funds, private funds, offshore funds, collective investment trusts (CITs), pooled vehicles and client accounts.

Goldman Sachs Asset Management LP (GSAMLP) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in New York City. The firm is a wholly owned subsidiary of GSAM Holdings LLC, and their ultimate parent is Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. (NYSE: GS). Founded in 1988, GSAMLP provides investment solutions to a range of individual and institutional investors worldwide.

Putnam Investment Management LLC (PIM) is a SEC-registered investment advisor and mutual fund manager headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1971, the firm is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Putnam US Holdings I LLC and became an indirect, wholly-owned subsidiary of Franklin Resources, Inc. (NYSE: BEN) in 2024. PIM provides investment advice across all asset classes to individuals and institutions worldwide through separately managed accounts and pooled investment funds.

Putnam Retail Management LP is a private company based in Morrisville, NC.

Geode Capital Management LLC (Geode) is a SEC-registered investment advisor headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The firm was founded in 2001 as a spin-off of Fidelity Investments. They are now a subsidiary of Geode Capital Holdings LLC, owned by Geode Holdings Trust. Geode acts as adviser and sub-adviser for equity, commodity and options strategies for funds and client accounts.

Putnam Investments LLC operates as an investment advisory company. The company was founded on May 14, 2009 and is headquartered in Boston, MA.

SSgA Funds Management, Inc. (SSgA FM) is a SEC-registered investment advisor and mutual fund manager headquartered in Boston, Massachusetts. The firm was founded in 1978 and is a subsidiary of State Street Global Advisors, Inc., ultimately held by State Street Corp. (NYSE: STT). SSgA FM provides investment advisory services to US investment companies and certain pooled investment vehicles.

Evergreen Investments Associates, Inc. provides investment services. The private company is based in Tacoma, WA.

B. Riley Securities, Inc. is a registered broker/dealer headquartered in Los Angeles, California. The firm is a subsidiary of B. Riley Securities Holdings LLC, ultimately owned by B. Riley Financial, Inc. (NASDAQ: RILY). The firm was formed in 2017, when B. Riley Financial, Inc. merged two of their brokers, B. Riley & Co. (founded in 1997) and FBR Capital Markets & Co. (founded in 1989), under the name of B. Riley FBR, Inc. B. Riley Securities provides research and trading ideas to institutional clients and high net-worth individuals. They provide investment banking services to a wide range of middle-market private and public companies.

Part of Manulife Financial Corp., John Hancock Funds, Inc. provides investment services. The company is based in Lansdowne, PA. Andrew Grant Arnott has been the CEO of the company since 2012.

FMR LLC engages in the provision of financial and investment services. It offers financial planning and advice, wealth management, retirement plans, trading and brokerage services, and investment products. The company was founded by Edward C. Johnson II in 1946 and is headquartered in Boston, MA.

Covestor, Inc. operates as a online investment management platform. Its platform and technology allows delivering specialized active and passive investing solutions at a lower cost and with the benefit of online convenience. Its platform give investors access to institutional style investment strategies, delivered in the security of their own brokerage accounts. The company was founded by Perry Rael Blacher, Richard Kevork Tahta and Simon Veingard in 2007 and is headquartered in Boston, MA.

Covestor Ltd. is an investment advisory firm headquartered in London, UK. The firm was founded in 2006 and do-business-as Interactive Advisors, Interactive Advisers, Interactive Brokers Asset Management, IB Asset Management, and IBKR Asset Management. It is owned by Covestor, Inc. and their ultimate parent is Interactive Brokers Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: IBKR) in the US. Covestor offers an online investment platform through which its clients (individuals, trusts, corporations and other legal entities) can invest in two types of portfolios: (1) trading strategies managed by third-party portfolio managers (“Manager Portfolios”) and (2) proprietary investment portfolios designed and managed by the firm itself (“Interactive Advisors Portfolios”).